What Animals Live In The Tongass National Forest

National forest in southeast Alaska

Tongass National Wood
The Tongass National Forest near Ketchikan, Alaska
Location	Alaska Panhandle, Alaska, U.S.[one] Interactive map of Tongass National Woods
Coordinates	57°19′47″N 135°58′26″W  /  57.329642°Due north 135.973898°W  / 57.329642; -135.973898 Coordinates: 57°19′47″Northward 135°58′26″Westward  /  57.329642°Northward 135.973898°W  / 57.329642; -135.973898
Surface area	16.7 meg acres (26,100 sq mi; 68,000 km2)
Established	10 September 1907
Visitors	1,881,000[ needs update ] (in 2006–2007)
Governing body	The states Wood Service
Website	Tongass National Forest

The Tongass National Wood

The Tongass National Forest () in Southeast Alaska is the largest U.Due south. National Forest at sixteen.7 meg acres (26,100 sq mi; 6,800,000 ha; 68,000 km^two). Most of its surface area is temperate rain woods and is remote plenty to be home to many species of endangered and rare flora and fauna. The Tongass, which is managed by the United States Forest Service, encompasses islands of the Alexander Archipelago, fjords and glaciers, and peaks of the Declension Mountains. An international border with Canada (British Columbia) runs along the crest of the Boundary Ranges of the Coast Mountains. The forest is administered from Forest Service offices in Ketchikan. In that location are local ranger commune offices located in Craig, Hoonah, Juneau, Ketchikan, Petersburg, Sitka, Thorne Bay, Wrangell, and Yakutat.^[2]

History [edit]

The Alexander Archipelago Forest Reserve was established by Theodore Roosevelt in a presidential proclamation of twenty August 1902. Some other presidential proclamation made by Roosevelt, on x September 1907, created the Tongass National Wood. On 1 July 1908, the ii forests were joined, and the combined forest area encompassed most of Southeast Alaska. Further presidential proclamations of 16 Feb 1909 (in the last months of the Roosevelt administration) and 10 June, and in 1925 (by Calvin Coolidge) expanded the Tongass. An early supervisor of the forest was William Alexander Langille.^[3]

On 4 September 1971, Alaska Airlines Flight 1866 crashed in the Tongass National Wood, killing all 111 people on board.^[four]

Aboriginal championship [edit]

After the creation of the Tongass National Forest, the Central Council of the Tlingit and Haida Indian Tribes of Alaska formed to challenge the federal regime's rights to the land in 1935.^[5] In Tlingit and Haida Indians of Alaska five. United States, the court found Alaskan natives held established aboriginal title by their "exclusive use and occupancy of that territory from time immemorial".^[6] The courtroom constitute the Alaska Treaty of Cessation between Russia and the U.s.a. did not extinguish aboriginal title to the land, and that the creation of the Tongass National Wood constituted a taking of land from the Tlingit and Haida. The example was finally settled in 1968 with a $vii.5 million payment that valued the Tongass at well-nigh 43 cents an acre. The value was based on land value at the time of the taking in 1902, without the inflation or interest accrued in the past 66 years.^[7]

Logging [edit]

Woods Service map of the Tongass, with National Monuments and Wilderness Areas

Timber harvest in Southeast Alaska consisted of private handlogging operations up until the 1950s, focusing on lowlying areas and beach fringe areas. In the 1950s, in role to aid in Japanese recovery from World War Ii, the Forest Service set up long-term contracts with two pulp mills: the Ketchikan Pulp Company (KPC) and the Alaska Pulp Company. These contracts were scheduled to last l years, and originally intended to complement independent sawlog operations in the region. However, the two companies conspired to drive log prices downwards, put smaller logging operations out of business, and were major and recalcitrant polluters in their local areas. Ultimately, near all timber sales in the Tongass were purchased by one of these two companies.

In 1974, the sectional KPC contract for 800,000 acres of old growth forest on Prince of Wales Island was challenged by the Point Baker Association led past Alan Stein,^[8] Chuck Zieske and Herb Zieske. Federal District Courtroom guess James von der Heydt ruled in their favor in Dec 1975^[9] and March 1976,^[10] enjoining clearcutting of over 150 foursquare miles (390 km²) of the n end of Prince of Wales Island. The adapt threatened to halt clearcutting in the U.s.a.. In 1976, Congress removed the Zieske injunction in passing the National Forest Direction Human action.^[11] Over half the onetime growth timber was removed there by the mid 1990s.^{[ citation needed ]}

The battle for buffer strips, to protect salmon streams from logging, which began in the Zieske v Butz lawsuit, continued through comments submitted to the major US Forest Service Environmental Impact Statements issued in subsequent 5-yr intervals starting in 1979,^[12] and continuing in the 1988 EIS.^[13]

Finally, in 1990, a Federal District Court in Alaska, in a case called Stein v Barton, held the US Forest Service had to protect all salmon streams in the Tongass with buffer strips.^[14] One of the claims in Stein v Barton for protection of the Salmon Bay Watershed was partially enacted into law when Congress Passed the Tongass Timber Reform Act; however ecology lobbyists compromised with Senator Ted Stevens leaving the most valuable woods available to logging in the headwaters of the salmon streams therein.^[15]

Much of the power of these companies lay in the long-term contracts themselves. The contracts guaranteed low prices to the pulp companies – in some cases resulting in copse existence given away for "less than the cost of a hamburger."

The Tongass Timber Reform Human action, enacted in 1990, significantly reshaped the logging industry'due south relationship with the Tongass National Wood. The law'southward provisions cancelled a $40 million annual subsidy for timber harvest; established several new wilderness areas and airtight others to logging; and required that future cut under the 50-year lurid contracts be subject area to ecology review and limitations on old-growth harvest. Alaska Pulp Corporation and Ketchikan Lurid Corporation claimed that the new restrictions made them uncompetitive and closed down their mills in 1993 and 1997, respectively, and the Wood Service and so cancelled the remainders of the two l-yr timber contracts.^[16]

In 2003, an appropriations beak rider required that all timber sales in the Tongass must be positive sales, meaning no sales could be sold that undervalued the "stumpage" rate, or the value of the trees as established by the marketplace (2008 Appropriations Pecker P.L. 110–161, H. Rept. 110–497, Sec. 411). Notwithstanding, the Woods Service also conducts NEPA analyses, layout, and authoritative operations to support these sales, and as such, the authorities does not make a profit overall.^[17] Given the guaranteed depression prices during contract days and the continued loftier cost of logging in Southeast Alaska today, ane analysis concludes that, since 1980, the Woods Service has lost over one billion dollars in Tongass timber sales.^[18] Logging operations are not the only arrears-run programs, however. The Woods Service likens the overall deficit of the timber harvest plan to the many other programs the bureau operates at a deficit, including trail, cabin, and campground maintenance and subsistence programs.

High-grading (preferentially targeting for logging the well-nigh assisting forest types) has been prevalent in the Tongass throughout the era of industrial-scale logging there.^[xix] For case, the woods type with the largest concentration of big trees—book form 7—originally comprised only 4% of the forested portion of the Tongass, and over 2-thirds of it has been logged.^[xx] Other high-grading has concentrated on stands of Alaska cedar and red cedar. The karst terrain often produces large trees and has fewer muskeg bogs, and has also been preferentially logged.^[18]

In a motion that reverses a Trump administration decision to elevator restrictions on logging and road-building, the Biden administration announced on July 15, 2021 that it would end large-scale, old-growth timber sales in the Tongass National Forest.^[21] Woods restoration, recreation and other non-commercial uses will instead be the focus. The new rules would notwithstanding allow for smaller timber sales, including some erstwhile-growth trees, for cultural uses by local communities.

Roadless controversy [edit]

The most controversial logging in the Tongass has involved the roadless areas. Southeast Alaska is an extensive landscape, with communities scattered across the archipelago on different islands, isolated from each other and the mainland road organization. The road system that exists in the region is in place because of the resource extraction history in the region, primarily established by the Forest Service to enable timber harvest. Once in place, these roads serve to connect local communities and visitors to recreation, hunting, angling, and subsistence opportunities long into the future. However, installing roads in the vast wilderness areas of the Tongass is also a indicate of controversy for many in the American public, as reflected in the roadless area conservation movement, which has opposed further road construction on the grounds that it would promote habitat fragmentation, diminish wildlife populations and damage salmon spawning streams. Further, they argue that existing roads are sufficient.^[22]

The Tongass National Forest was included in the Roadless Initiative passed on v January 2001, during the last days of the Beak Clinton Assistants, and the initiative prevented the structure of new roads in currently roadless areas of United States national forests.

In September 2006, a landmark court decision overturned Bush'south repeal of the Roadless Dominion, reverting to the 2001 roadless area protections established nether president Clinton. However, the Tongass remained exempt from that ruling. In June 2007, U.S. Firm members added an amendment to the appropriations bill to block federally funded route building in Tongass National Forest. Proponents of the amendment said that the federal timber program in Tongass is a dead loss for taxpayers, costing some $30 1000000 annually, and noted that the Forest Service faces an estimated $900 million road maintenance excess in the forest. Supporters of the bipartisan amendment included the Republicans for Ecology Protection. Representative Steve Chabot, an Ohio Republican who sponsored the subpoena, said, "I am non opposed to logging when it's done on the timber company'south dime… But in this case, they are using the American taxpayer to subsidize these 200 jobs at the melody of $200,000 per job. That just makes no sense."^[23]

In July 2009, the Obama Administration canonical clearcut logging on 381 acres (ane.54 km²) in the remaining old growth forests of a Tongass National Forest roadless expanse.^[24] The timber auction was permanently stopped by a lawsuit.^{[25] [26]}

In March 2011, Guess John Sedwick from the Anchorage federal district courtroom, in his ruling,^[27] reinstated the Roadless Rule on roadless areas in the Tongass, but with three of the Forest Service'due south recent timber projects excluded from that ruling "without prejudice." Those projects were Iyouktug Timber Sales ROD (record of determination), Scratchings Timber Auction ROD II, and Kuiu Timber Sale Area ROD.^[27] The Order concluded in part:

Considering the reasons proffered by the Wood Service in support of the Tongass Exemption were implausible, contrary to the prove in the record, and opposite to 9th Excursion precedent, the courtroom concludes that promulgation of the Tongass Exemption was capricious and arbitrary.

With the passage of the Roadless Dominion, inventoried roadless areas, 'for better or worse, [were] more committed to pristine wilderness, and less amendable to road development for purposes permitted by the Woods Service.'"^[28]

While the Woods Service may reevaluate its approach to roadless expanse management in the Tongass, it must comply with the requirements of the APA [the federal Administrative Procedures Act] in doing then.^[27]

In October 2019, the Trump administration instructed federal officials to opposite the limits of tree cutting at the request of Alaska'south top elected officials, including Senator Lisa Murkowski and Governor Michael J. Dunleavy. In a statement, Woods Service officials said the new plan would be subject area to public annotate for 60 days.^[29]

The Woods Service removed most of the Tongass National Forest from roadless expanse designation in October 2020, allowing route construction and logging in more than 9.iii 1000000 acres of rainforest.^[30] Articulate-cut lands lose the carbon sink of erstwhile-growth woods, habitat for wildlife, and soil stability, causing landslides.^[30]

In June 2021, the Joe Biden administration revealed its intent to "repeal or replace" Trump's removal of roadless designation. Co-ordinate to Matt Herrick, spokesman for the Us Department of Agriculture (USDA) nether Biden, "We [the USDA] recognize the vital part the woods and its inventoried roadless areas play in communities, and in the economy and civilization of southeast Alaska, as well as for climate resilience." The Biden administration planned to formally publish its intent to revise the Trump-era rule by August 2021, with details of the programme existence finalized in the following two years. In November 2021, the administration officially published a rule to restore roadless protections in the Tongass National Wood, followed by a 60-day menses for public comment before the dominion could be finalized. ^{[31] [32]}

Description [edit]

Known past the U.Due south. Forest Service equally the "crown precious stone", the Tongass stretches across 17 million acres of land and is Alaska'due south largest National Forest.^[33] Alaska Wilderness League describes the Tongass as "one of the final remaining intact temperate rainforests in the globe".^[34] 70,000 people inhabit the region.^[33] While the timber industry dominated the economy for a long fourth dimension, the region has transitioned into "non-timber... [sources of revenue] such as recreation, subsistence food, salmon, scientific use, and carbon sequestration [which] contributes more than $2 billion" annually.^{[33] [35]} Tourism supports over ten,000 jobs in the Tongass National Forest, with nearly 10% being related to fishing activities.^[34]

3 Alaska Native nations alive in Southeast Alaska: the Tlingit, Haida, and Tsimshian. Thirty-one communities are located within the forest; the largest is Juneau, the state capital letter, with a population of 31,000. The wood is named for the Tongass group of the Tlingit people, who inhabited the southernmost areas of Southeast Alaska, near what is now the city of Ketchikan.

Ecology [edit]

Misty Fjords Waterfall and kayak

The Tongass includes parts of the Northern Pacific coastal forests and Pacific Coastal Mountain icefields and tundra ecoregions. Along with the Fundamental and North Coast regions of British Columbia designated as the Great Acquit Rainforest, the Tongass is role of the "perhumid rainforest zone", and the forest is primarily made up of western red cedar, sitka spruce, and western hemlock. The Tongass is Earth's largest remaining temperate rainforest.^{[23] [35]} The terrain underlying the wood is divided between karst (limestone stone, well-drained soil, and many caves) and granite (poorly drained soil).

Unique and protected creatures seldom institute anywhere else in N America inhabit the thousands of islands along the Alaska coast. V species of salmon, chocolate-brown and blackness bears, and bald eagles abound throughout the forest. Other terrestrial animals include wolves, mountain goats, ravens, and sitka black-tailed deer. Many migratory birds spend summer months nesting amongst the archipelago, notably the Chill tern. Orca and humpback whales, body of water lions, seals, sea otters, river otters, and porpoises swim offshore. The Tongass is as well abode to steelhead and salmon. The Tongass is also the only place in the Us where the Haida ermine, a rare and endangered species of weasel, can be plant; bated from here, the only other identify on Earth where it is found is the Haida Gwaii archipelago in Canada. Of the iii subspecies of the Haida ermine, one is constitute on Prince of Wales Island and the other is found on Suemez Island (both located within the Tongass), with the third existence found on Haida Gwaii.^[36]

Though its land expanse is huge, about xl% of the Tongass is composed of wetlands, snowfall, ice, stone, and non-forest vegetation, while the remaining 10 million acres (forty,000 km²) are forested. About 5 1000000 acres (20,000 km²) are considered "productive quondam-growth", and 4,500,000 acres (xviii,000 km^two) of those are preserved as wilderness areas.^[17]

Historically, logging operations tended to concentrate on lower-acme, bigger-tree ecosystems for harvesting; at nowadays, approximately 78% of the land remains intact, i.eastward. 383,000 acres (1,550 km²) out of 491,000 acres (ane,990 kmⁱⁱ) original big-tree, depression-meridian wood expanse. Given the high value of these areas for wild fauna species, close to 70% of this old growth woods is protected in reserves and will never be eligible for harvest.^[37]

Major disturbances in the Tongass National Woods include windfall and landslides. Local winter windstorms referred to as the "Takus" can affect the structure of some stands and often crusade single-tree accident-downs.

Of all the onetime growth in the forest, no more than xi% of the remaining expanse volition ever be harvested. Of the 5,700,000 acres (23,000 km²) of "productive one-time-growth" in the woods, 676,000 acres (two,740 km²), or 12% of the total old-growth, are slated for harvest over the next ten years.^[37] Current harvesting plans call for a phase-out of old-growth harvesting, to exist replaced by rotation harvesting of managed 2nd-growth forests.^[38]

The World Wildlife Fund locates it in their Pacific temperate pelting forest 'WWF ecoregion', a geographical expanse.

Wilderness areas [edit]

There are nineteen designated wilderness areas within the Tongass National Forest, more than than in whatever other national forest. They comprise over v,750,000 acres (23,300 km²) of territory,^[39] besides more than whatever other. From largest to smallest, they are:

• Misty Fjords National Monument Wilderness
• Kootznoowoo Wilderness
• Tracy Arm-Fords Terror Wilderness
• Stikine-LeConte Wilderness
• Russell Fjord Wilderness
• South Baranof Wilderness
• West Chichagof-Yakobi Wilderness
• Endicott River Wilderness
• S Prince of Wales Wilderness
• South Etolin Wilderness
• Chuck River Wilderness
• Tebenkof Bay Wilderness
• Kuiu Wilderness
• Petersburg Creek-Duncan Salt Chuck Wilderness
• Karta River Wilderness
• Pleasant/Lemesurier/Inian Islands Wilderness
• Coronation Island Wilderness
• Warren Island Wilderness
• Maurille Islands Wilderness

In that location are 3 other wilderness areas inside the Alaska Panhandle region that are not part of the Tongass National Woods, simply are administered past the United States Fish and Wild animals Service as part of the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge. From largest to smallest they are the Forrester Island Wilderness, the Saint Lazaria Wilderness, and the Hazy Islands Wilderness. As well in Southeast Alaska, simply not in the Tongass National Woods, are the Glacier Bay Wilderness and a small part of the Wrangell-Saint Elias Wilderness, which are both administered by the National Park Service.

Recreation [edit]

Eagle Glacier Memorial Motel, located near Juneau in the Tongass National Woods

A wood path in the Tongass National Forest

The Tongass National Forest offers recreation opportunities, some of which are found only in Alaska.^[35] The woods has close to one meg visitors each year. Most come up by cruise ships arriving through the Inside Passage of Southeast Alaska. The Woods Service provides visitor programs at the Mendenhall Glacier Company Center in Juneau and the Southeast Alaska Discovery Middle in Ketchikan. The Mendenhall Glacier Visitor Centre, congenital in 1962, was the first Forest Service company center in the nation. The woods interpretive program on the state ferries began in the summertime of 1968, and was the longest-running naturalist program in the agency until catastrophe in 2013.

Native inholdings [edit]

Native corporation lands are those designated by the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Human action of 1971 (ANCSA). This Act conveyed approximately 44,000,000 acres (180,000 km²) of federal land in Alaska to individual native corporations which were created under the ANCSA. 632,000 acres (2,560 km²) of those lands were hand-picked former growth areas of the Tongass National Woods and are still surrounded past public National Forest land. These lands are now privately held and under the management of Sealaska Corporation, 1 of the native regional corporations created under the ANCSA.

Transference of public National Forest country to a privately owned corporation removes it from protection by Federal law and allows the owners to utilize the land in whatever way they encounter fit without regard to the effects of the use on surrounding lands and ecosystems. This fact has acquired much controversy involving the business interests of Native Regional Corporations and the personal interests of local Native and non-Native residents of Southeastern Alaska.

Currently^{[ when? ]} Sealaska, a native regional corporation created under the ANCSA is asking for an amendment to the Act that would distribute additional country to Alaskan Natives. When Sealaska was created, it was promised boosted land that was unavailable at the time due to contracts with pulp mills; much of this original land is now under h2o or in a watershed, and consequently Sealaska has requested different land.^[40] On 23 April 2009, Senator Murkowski and U.S. Rep. Don Young introduced a revised Sealaska neb (S. 881 and H.R 2099) that requests public lands that are both economically valuable and environmentally delicate. Starting with the next session of Congress in 2011, Senator Murkowski reintroduced a slightly modified version of the Sealaska Beak and Representative Don Young introduced a companion neb (Southward 730 and Hour 1408). While 60 minutes 1408 was passed out of the Natural Resource Committee, S 730 remains in the Natural Resources Committee of the Senate.

Known every bit the Sealaska Lands Nib, the removal of 91,000 acres from the regulatory protections of the USFS and transfer of the state to Sealaska, a for turn a profit corporation, created a huge controversy in South East Alaska.^[41]

A study released by Audubon Alaska on 22 Feb 2012 showed that the Sealaska selection of the largest trees in areas designated in Southward 730 and HR 1408 is 1200 percent greater than the occurrence of these copse in the Tongass as a whole.^[42]

At that place is potent opposition to passage of South 881 coming from 7 communities in the Tongass, most on Prince of Wales Island. In add-on, there are fears expressed by the Territorial Sportsmen that the northern goshawk will be listed equally endangered if the bill is passed. Similar concerns were expressed by the Alaska Outdoor Quango in letters to Senators Murkowski and Begich and Governor Parnell.

See likewise [edit]

• Chugach National Forest
• Climate change in Alaska and climatic change in the Arctic
• Coeur Alaska, Inc. 5. Southeast Alaska Conservation Quango
• Fort Tongass
• Juneau Raptor Center
• Southeast Alaska Conservation Council (SEACC)
• Tongass Isle
• Tongass Passage

Citations [edit]

1. ^ The given coordinates are for i representative location in the forest virtually Petersburg, listed in the USGS GNIS. The wood extends from roughly 55 N, 130 W at the southern tip of Alaska to roughly 60 N, 140 W at Yakutat Bay. Meet the map beneath.
2. ^ USFS Ranger Districts by Land
3. ^ Indian River protection (accessed 8 July 2010).
4. ^ "Aircraft Accident Report Alaska Airlines, Inc. Boeing 727, N29696, Most Juneau, Alaska September 4, 1971" (PDF). National Transportation Prophylactic Board. 13 Oct 1972. NTSB-AAR-72-28. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
5. ^ "Central Quango of the Tlingit and Haida Indian Tribes of Alaska: About Us". Central Quango of the Tlingit and Haida Indian Tribes of Alaska. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
6. ^ "The Tlingit and Haida Indians of Alaska and Harry Douglas et al., Intervenors, v. The United states. No. 47900. United States Court of Claims. January 19, 1968". Open Jurist. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
7. ^ "Important Alaska Native settlement case started equally grassroots movement". Juneau Empire. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
8. ^ Finding Assistance to the Alan Stein papers
9. ^ ZIESKE v. BUTZ, 406 F.Supp. 258 (1975), United States District Court, D. Alaska. Decision of 23 Dec 1975. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 27 May 2012. Retrieved 3 Jan 2012. {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as championship (link)
10. ^ Zieske 5. Butz, 412 F.Supp. 1403 (1976), The states District Courtroom, D. Alaska. Decision of v May 1976. [i]
11. ^ Parent, S. 1992. The National Forest Direction Act: Out of the Woods and Dorsum to the Courts? Lewis & Clark Law School. [two][
12. ^ Tongass National Woods (N.F.), LPK Timber Sale Programme, 1979-1984: Environmental Impact Statement. 1979.
13. ^ Tongass National Forest (N.F.), Ketchikan Pulp Company Long-term Timber Sale Contract, 1989-94 Operating Menstruum, Ketchikan Administrative Area: Environmental Touch Argument. 1989.
14. ^ "Stein 5. Barton, 740 F. Supp. 743 (D. Alaska 1990)". Justia Law . Retrieved 9 September 2019.
15. ^ "Stein (Alan) papers". oac.cdlib.org . Retrieved 9 September 2019.
16. ^ Steiner, R. 1998. Deforestation in Alaska's Coastal rainforest: causes and solutions. Univ. of Alaska. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2 June 2012. Retrieved iii Jan 2012. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived re-create as championship (link)
17. ^ ^{a b} Tongass Woods Management FAQs (accessed 18 September 2008).
18. ^ ^{a b} Temperate Rainforests of the N Pacific Coast (accessed xvi May 2007).
19. ^ The Wildlife Society, Alaska Chapter, 2003. Comments to the Chief of the Forest Service on the exemption of the Tongass National Forest from the roadless rule. Aug. 8, 2003. Archived 7 Baronial 2011 at the Wayback Auto
20. ^ Tongass Land Management Program Supplemental EIS, 1991.
21. ^ Press, MATTHEW DALY Associated. "Biden ends big-scale logging in Tongass National Forest". The Anchorage Press . Retrieved 3 August 2021.
22. ^ "Tongass Roadless Exemption". Earthjustice.
23. ^ ^{a b} "U.South. House Boosts Spending for Surround, Conservation". ens-newswire.com . Retrieved 9 September 2019.
24. ^ Goldstein, Katherine (16 July 2009). "Obama Assistants Approves First Logging Contract in Alaska's Tongass National Woods". Huffington Postal service.
25. ^ Los Angeles Times editorial, 21 December 2009. Logging illogic.
26. ^ United states of america District Court, Alaska. 7 Dec 2009. Order and Opinion in case ane:09-cv-00003-JWS.
27. ^ ^{a b c} A courtroom order, ruling the Tongass exemption from the Roadless Rule invalid, Gauge Sedwick (U.Southward. Dist. Courtroom, Anchorage), 4 March 2011
28. ^ Lockyer, 575 F.3d at 1010 (quoting Kootenai Tribe, 313 F.3d at 1106).
29. ^ Eilperin, Juliet. "Trump administration proposes expanding logging in Alaska's Tongass National Wood". The Washington Post . Retrieved 23 Oct 2019.
30. ^ ^{a b} Eilperin, Juliet. "Trump to strip protections from Tongass National Forest, 1 of the biggest intact temperate rainforests". Washington Mail service. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
31. ^ Davenport. "Biden Plans to Restore Alaskan Forest Protections Stripped Under Trump". The New York Times . Retrieved 12 June 2021.
32. ^ Eilperin, Juliet. "Biden officials to propose road ban on much of Alaska's Tongass National Wood". The Washington Post . Retrieved 30 December 2021.
33. ^ ^{a b c} "Economic Realities in the Tongass National Forest". Retrieved 10 May 2018.
34. ^ ^{a b} Alaska Wilderness League. "The Tongass National Woods: Recreationalists' Paradise and Wildlife Lover's Dream" (PDF).
35. ^ ^{a b c} Dombeck, Mike; Woods, Chris (8 September 2019). "Opinion: The Amazon forest isn't the only one in peril. Trump has his eye on Alaska". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 9 September 2019.
36. ^ Colella, Jocelyn P.; Frederick, Lindsey M.; Talbot, Sandra L.; Cook, Joseph A. (2021). "Extrinsically reinforced hybrid speciation inside Holarctic ermine (Mustela spp.) produces an insular endemic". Diversity and Distributions. 27 (4): 747–762. doi:10.1111/ddi.13234. ISSN 1472-4642.
37. ^ ^{a b} Tongass National Forest Land Management Plan Final EIS Archived 24 July 2011 at the Wayback Car (PDF). (Encounter tables three.7-ix and 3.9-12. Accessed 18 September 2008).
38. ^ Transition for Tongass.
39. ^ National Wilderness Areas by State, 14 November 2008, United states of america Wood Service
40. ^ "Sen. Murkowski Introduces Revised Sealaska Lands Beak - Alaska Business Monthly - February 2013 - Anchorage, AK". akbizmag.com . Retrieved 22 March 2016.
41. ^ "Tongass Lowdown - Home". tongasslowdown.org . Retrieved nine September 2019.
42. ^ hosted.ap.org http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/A/AK_ALASKA_LAND_FIGHT_AKOL-?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT. Retrieved 9 September 2019.

General references [edit]

• Rakestraw, Lawrence (1981). A History of the United States Woods Service in Alaska. Copyright Lawrence Rakestraw. Printed by the USDA Wood Service in 1982, 1994, 2002. SD565R24, LCCN 82-620020.
• Durbin, Kathie (1999). Tongass: Pulp Politics and the Fight for the Alaska Rain Woods. Corvallis, Oregon: Oregon State Academy Press. ISBN 0-87071-466-Ten.
• Ketchum, Robert Glenn (1987). The Tongass: Alaska's Vanishing Rain Forest: The Photographs of Robert Glenn Ketchum. Text past Robert Glenn Ketchum and Carey D. Ketchum; introduction by Roderick Nash. New York, New York: Discontinuity Foundation. Distributed in the U.S. by Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.
• List, Peter C., ed. (2000). Environmental Ethics and Forestry: A Reader. Environmental Ethics, Values, and Policy serial. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Temple Academy Printing. ISBN 1-56639-784-seven. ISBN ane-56639-785-5.
• Gulick, Amy (2009). Salmon in the Copse: Life in Alaska's Tongass Pelting Forest. Written by Amy Gulick, Illustrated by Ray Troll. Published by Mountaineers Books. ISBN 978-1-59485-091-2

External links [edit]

• Official website
• A History of the U.South. Forest Service in Alaska
• Tongass National Forest Gallery
• Tongass Conservation Society
• Southeast Alaska Conservation Council—coalition of local groups working to preserve the Tongass
• Q&A with Kathie Durbin—chronicler of the struggle to preserve the Tongass (volume referenced above)
• Temperate Rainforests of the N Pacific Coast
• Audubon Alaska: Tongass National Woods
• acres-of-public-land
• The National Forest Foundation'south Conservation Programme for Tongass National Woods Archived 16 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine
• Collection of photographs spanning the Tongass National Forest
• Greater Southeast Alaska Conservation Community

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongass_National_Forest

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